Archive for October, 2010

Theology

October 25, 2010 - 11:58 pm 301 Comments

Theology

Theology is the review of a the lord or, more commonly, the research of spiritual beliefs, teaching, and valuable experience, or spiritual techniques.

Augustine of Hippo defined the Latin equivalent, theologia, as “thinking or talking related to the Deity”, Richard Hooker described “theology” in English as “the technology of stuff divine”. The expression can certainly be implemented for a scope of various disciplines or types of discourse. Theologians use numerous forms of basic research and argument (philosophical, ethnographic, historical, spiritual and the rest) to help you figure out, reveal, examine, judge, protect or highlight any of countless spiritual resources. Theology may be undertaken to make it easier for the theologian
realise much more truly his or her own spiritual culture,
realize much more absolutely some other spiritual traditions,
allow side by side somparisons involving religious cultures,
secure or rationalize a spiritual traditions,
assist in alteration of a selected tradition,
serve in the distribution of a spiritual practice, or
sketch on the sources of a traditions to cope with some current situation or needs,
draw on the sources of a traditions to take a look at potential methods of interpretation the entire world, or
look into the the natural world of divinity without the need for reference to any specified culture.

Would be likely to never become created without:

Calendar
Writing
Mental performance (to realize explanation of spirituality)

Archaeology

October 25, 2010 - 10:01 pm 336 Comments

archaeology

Archaeology, or archeology (from Greek ἀρχαιολογία, archaiologia – ἀρχαῖος, arkhaīos, “ancient”; and -λογία, -logiā, “-logy”), is the study of past human societies, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data which they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes. Because archaeology employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be considered to be both a science and a humanity, and in the United States it is thought of as a branch of anthropology, although in Europe it is viewed as a separate discipline.

Archaeology studies human history from the development of the first stone tools in eastern Africa 3.4 million years ago up until recent decades. It is of most importance for learning about prehistoric societies, when there are no written records for historians to study, and which makes up over 99% of total human history, from the Palaeolithic until the advent of literacy in any given society. Archaeology has various different goals, which range from studying human evolution to cultural evolution and understanding culture history.

The discipline involves surveyance, excavation and eventually analysis of data collected in order to learn more about the past.

Would not have been invented without:

Navigation
Pottery
Writing

Navigation

October 25, 2010 - 9:40 pm 326 Comments

Navigation

Navigation is the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The word navigate is derived from the Latin “navigate”, which is the command “sail”.[1] More literally however, the word “Navi” in Sanskrit means ‘boat’ and “Gathi” means ‘direction’.
Celestial navigation, also known as astronavigation, is a position fixing technique that has steadily evolved over several thousand years to help sailors cross featureless oceans without having to rely on estimated calculations, or dead reckoning, to enable them to know their position on the ocean. Celestial navigation uses “sights,” or angular measurements taken between a visible celestial body (the sun, the moon, a planet or a star) and the visible horizon. The angle measured between the sun and the visible horizon is most commonly used. Skilled navigators can additionally use the moon, a planet or one of 57 navigational stars whose coordinates are tabulated in the Nautical Almanac and Air Almanacs.

Celestial navigation is the process whereby angular measurements (sights) taken between celestial bodies in the sky and the visible horizon are used to locate one’s position on the globe, on land as well as at sea. At any given instant of time, any celestial body is located directly over only one specific geographic point, or position on the Earth, whose address is described by latitude and longitude.

Would not have been invented without:

Astronomy
Optics

Calendar

October 25, 2010 - 7:25 pm 297 Comments

Maya calendar

A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial, or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, and years. The name given to each day is known as a date. Periods in a calendar (such as years and months) are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. Many civilizations and societies have devised a calendar, usually derived from other calendars on which they model their systems, suited to their particular needs.

Age: somewhere between 15.000 and 25.000 BC

Would not have been invented without:
Writing
Pottery
Brain

Astronomy

October 25, 2010 - 7:05 pm 342 Comments

Astronomy

Astronomy (Greek: αστρονομία = άστρον νόμος, astronomia = astron nomos, literally “law of the stars”) is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth’s atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe.

Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. Prehistoric cultures left behind astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Stonehenge, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky. However, the invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science. Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, the making of calendars, and even astrology, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.

Early astronomy involved observing the regular patterns of the motions of visible celestial objects, especially the Sun, Moon, stars and naked eye planets. Study of the changing position of the Sun along the horizon or the changing appearances of stars in the course of the year could be used to establish an agricultural or ritual calendar. In some cultures astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.

Would not have been invented without:

Optics

Compass

October 25, 2010 - 6:34 pm 301 Comments

compass
The compass was invented in ancient China around 247 B.C., and was used for navigation by the 11th century. Chinese fortune tellers used lodestones (a mineral composed of an iron oxide which aligns itself in a north-south direction) to construct their fortune telling boards.

Eventually someone noticed that the lodestones were better at pointing out real directions, leading to the first compasses. They designed the compass on a square slab which had markings for the cardinal points and the constellations. The pointing needle was a lodestone spoon-shaped device, with a handle that would always point south.A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth’s magnetic poles. It consists of a magnetized pointer (usually marked on the North end) free to align itself with Earth’s magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel. A compass can be used to calculate heading, used with a sextant to calculate latitude, and with a marine chronometer to calculate longitude. It thus provides a much improved navigational capability that has only been recently supplanted by modern devices such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). A compass is any magnetically sensitive device capable of indicating the direction of the magnetic north of a planet’s magnetosphere. The face of the compass generally highlights the cardinal points of north, south, east and west. Often, compasses are built as a stand alone sealed instrument with a magnetized bar or needle turning freely upon a pivot, or moving in a fluid, thus able to point in a northerly and southerly direction.

Wouldn’t have been invented without:
Magnetism
China
Aristotle

Optics

October 25, 2010 - 6:22 pm 280 Comments

Optics
Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit identical properties.

Most optical phenomena can be accounted for using the classical electromagnetic description of light. Complete electromagnetic descriptions of light are, however, often difficult to apply in practice. Practical optics is usually done using simplified models. The most common of these, geometric optics, treats light as a collection of rays that travel in straight lines and bend when they pass through or reflect from surfaces. Physical optics is a more comprehensive model of light, which includes wave effects such as diffraction and interference that cannot be accounted for in geometric optics. Historically, the ray-based model of light was developed first, followed by the wave model of light. Progress in electromagnetic theory in the 19th century led to the discovery that light waves were in fact electromagnetic radiation.

Sailing

October 25, 2010 - 5:59 pm 306 Comments

Sailing Sailing is the art of controlling a boat with large foils called sails. By changing the rigging, rudder, and sometimes the keel or centre board, a sailor manages the force of the wind on the sails in order to change the direction and speed of a boat. Mastery of the skill requires experience in varying wind and sea conditions, as well as knowledge concerning sailboats themselves.

While there are still places in the world where sail-powered passenger, fishing and trading vessels are used, these craft have become rarer and modified car engines have become available even in the poorest and most distant vicinities. In most countries people enjoy sailing as a recreational activity. Recreational sailing or yachting can be divided into racing and cruising. Cruising includes extended trips, short trips within sight of land, and daysailing. Nowadays people are tend to buy yachts as a way of luxury life-style.

Throughout history sailing has been instrumental in the development of civilization, affording mankind greater mobility and capacity for fishing, trade, and warfare. The earliest representation of a ship under sail appears on a painted disc found in Kuwait dating to the late 5th millennium BC.

Would not be invented without:

Agriculture
Pottery

Pottery

October 25, 2010 - 5:47 pm 324 Comments

pottery-2

Pottery is the ceramic ware made by potters. Pottery is one of the oldest human technologies and art-forms, and remains a one from biggest industries today. Major types of pottery include earthenware, stoneware and porcelain.

Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln to induce reactions that lead to permanent changes, including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. There are wide regional variations in the properties of raw materials used for the production of pottery, and this can lead to wares that are unique in character to a locality. It is common for clays and other materials to be mixed to produce clay bodies suited to specific purposes.

Would not have been invented without the:

Brain
Fire

Agriculture

October 25, 2010 - 5:33 pm No Comments

agriculture-collage-thumb6132122

Agriculture is the production, processing, marketing, and use of foods, fibers and byproducts from plant crops and animals. Agriculture was the major discovery that led to the flourishing of human civilization, with the Animal Husbandry creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated societies.

Would not be invented without a:

– Brain